Size, shape, volume fraction and distribution of embedded γ / phase in γ phase has direct effect on strength of INCONEL alloy. Microstructure parameters of INCONEL phases are quantified from Microstructure images using transmission electron Microscopy (TEM). Different TEM sample preparation techniques were used to study INCONEL 738 alloy Microstructure for transmission electron Microscopy (TEM). The INCONEL 738 was first cut into a 1 × 1 cm slice with 600 μ m thickness with diamond wire cut. INCONEL sample was mounted by wax (M135), after initial grinding and polishing. The molded INCONEL sample was further polished by different grit size SiC paper to reduce the thickness below 80 Micron. At this stage, 3 mm discs were cut from the thin slice of INCONEL alloy by mechanical punch machine. The 3 mm discs of INCONEL alloy were used for TEM sample preparation. Three methods of electro-jet polishing, ion milling and Micro Control Dimpling were employed to prepare transparent TEM sample to observe the surface Microstructure details of INCONEL 738 alloy. Electro-jet polishing TEM sample preparation technique could reveal Microstructure details of INCONEL alloy γ and γ / phases using 42% H3PO4, 34% H2SO4, 24% H2O electrolyte at about – 400C bath temperature and applied voltage of 30 V.

Nowadays, with the growing use of AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) nanorobots in the fabrication of nanostructures, research in this area has been proliferated. The major limiting of manipulation process is the lack of real-time observation. Computer simulations have been widely applied to improve the feasibility of the process. The existing 2D strategies are incapable of presenting the feasibility of the process. Therefore, 3D simulations of effective forces during the manipulation process and the Control mechanism of the process have been presented in this research, where the effective parameters are investigated. To evaluate the validity of the presented results, a FEM simulation is proposed. It is observed that the two sets of results (the analytical method and the finite element approach) have adequate correlation, while the discrepancy which is in an acceptable range, is due to the different solving technique of the finite element method. By applying the presented models, it is now possible to accurately predict the effective forces for fabricating the nanostructures.

Micro ultrasonic machining (Micro-USM) is a process with a great capability to generate Micro features in hard and brittle materials. Despite some developments in Micro-USM process, issues such as precision measurement and Control of the machining force, which is crucial for stable machining conditions, need further investigations. In this paper, the precision measurement and Control of the machining force is studied using a newly-developed force measurement configuration. The results of the force measurement for different levels of static force, abrasive particle size and amplitude of vibration demonstrated that the variation of measured machining force increases at higher static forces. Furthermore, a better Control over the static load was acquired when feeding the abrasive slurry with particle size of 0.37 mm as compared to 1 mm and 3 mm particles leading to more stable machining conditions in Micro-USM process. Finally, applying lower levels of vibration amplitude to the work piece resulted in more stable machining conditions and lower static load errors.

Objective: Management of a skin Dimpling due to a chronic periapical lesion may pose challenges. This case report presents a multidisciplinary approach to resolving a persistent cutaneous scar of endodontic origin and also offers a flowchart for the management of similar cases. Case report: A 34-year-old female referred to the Endodontics Department of Mashhad Dental School at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, complained of a skin Dimpling on her face with a history of pus discharge. Diagnostic workup and radiographic examination revealed that the right mandibular first molar had a failing root canal treatment and a defective restoration. The respective tooth underwent endodontic retreatment. Due to palpation of a cord-like tract at the apical region of the tooth, surgical removal of the mentioned structure was planned using a mucoperiosteal flap. After flap elevation, the cord was cut at the base of attachment to the bone, which resulted in immediate correction of facial contour. Finally, the tooth was permanently restored. At the 6-month follow-up visit, the periapical lesion was healing, and the face had a normal contour. Conclusions: Considering the significance of surgical intervention in cases with a cord-like sinus tract and consequent skin Dimpling, a flowchart for a step-by-step decision-making process is offered to better restore the normal facial contour.